Factors That Affect The Rate Of The Pregnancy - 1313 Words

OT plays a major role in the initiation of labor particularly during the expulsive phase by stimulating prostaglandin release in species, specifically in the uterine epithelium. Blanks and Thornton (2003) study revealed that secretion of oxytocin is at its maximum level during fetal delivery of pups but the amount of OT released during expulsion of the pups varies among species. According to them, oxytocin is at its peak at the time of delivery of the first fetus in rabbit, and throughout labor with greater pulses overlapping with pup’s expulsion in rats. Variations in oxytocin level are also seen during the pregnancy and labor in humans. According to Blanks and Thornton (2003) several discrepancies are present when in OT is measured in†¦show more content†¦This suggests that OT is critical for the ejection of milk but not parturition. Additionally, after injecting OT on OT null mice and wild type mice, the start of premature labor within 24hrs was observed at high co ncentrations of OT in both wild and null mice (Blanks Thornton, 2003). With that in mind, abnormal modification of OT action does influence the start of labor. In conclusion, they put forward the idea that OT receptor in mice is mostly invested in the timing for the initiation of labor. Most importantly, the OT receptor is essential for normal labor because those receptors are found in abundance in uterine epithelium during late pregnancy promoting contractile effects. Along with those findings, female rats that are undergone a knockout of OT, showed a decreased in maternal care of their pups but displayed a higher level of aggression (Bales Perkeybile, 2012). Social rearing conditions plays a role in the binding of OT. Prairie voles, when differently handled by experimenters a week after being born resulted in more OTR binding (Bales et al 2011). When changing the animal’s cages, experimenters carried the parent prairies vole by the scruff of the neck and others were not touched. Those females that had careful attention and handling by the experimenters displayed an increase in OTR binding. The same results were reported in males. They concluded that the type of maintenance that pups received in early days after being born does affect

Tax Treatments for Individual Returns Free Essays

Use the following format for your essay. It is based on the grading rubric structure. Identify the item in the appropriate rubric area and then present your reasoning in a paragraph for each tax decision you have made. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Treatments for Individual Returns or any similar topic only for you Order Now Use as much space as necessary in each category. (The task instructions give a suggested total length of 2-5 pages. Recommended Tax Filing Status The recommended tax filing status for this family is Married Filing Jointly. The reason I would recommend this filing status is that there are three children that are qualifying children, but the college freshman is not under the age of 17 so that child does not qualify for the child tax credit. Spouse B’s mother does not qualify as a dependant because she does not meet the minimum requirement of having half of her support come from the family. The family would be able to take a higher amount of deductions and therefore pay less in taxes if they choose Married Filing Jointly. By filing jointly the couple is able to take advantages of such credits as the child tax credit, the Lifetime Learning Credit the hope credit. They are also able to save more into retirement plans than they would have been filing separately. Taxable and Non-Taxable Income Spouse A’s income from his K-1 from Fan Company A is taxable income. Spouse A’s cash withdrawals are not taxable because they are accounted for on his K-1 as part of his income from the partnership. Spouse A’s income as a part time referee is taxable. Spouse B’s earnings as the controller for the electronics firm are taxable. Dividends from Company E stocks are taxable. The interest from the municipal bond is non-taxable. The losses that Spouse B suffered from day trading would be an offset against all other taxable income and would need to be reported on Form 8949 and Schedule D. The income from the rental properties would be taxable. The gain from selling their home is not taxable because it falls within the $250,000 limit for gains from selling a primary residence. The $200 per month that Spouse B receives for child support is not considered taxable income. Capital Gains and Losses The $44,000 profit from the sale of the rental house is a taxable gain because it was not the family’s main residence. The $5,000 stock trading loss that Spouse B incurred would be a capital loss. But only $3,000 of the loss will be able to be deducted in the current year, the other $2,000 will be a loss carryover. The rule for Capital Gains Losses is that when a capital asset is sold, the difference between the amount you paid for the asset and the amount you sold it for is a capital gain or capital loss. A2c. Profit or Losses from Sale of Property The profit from selling the family’s main residence is not considered to be a taxable gain because the family lived there for more than 2 years within the past 5 years and because the gain on the sale was less than $500,000. The amount of the exclusion for the couple is $296,000. Partnership Income and Losses Spouse A’s $142,000 income from his K-1 is his partnership income. This is included in his taxable income. Spouse A’s cash withdrawals are not taxable because they are accounted for on his K-1 as part of his income from the partnership. Only Spouse A’s share of the net income of the partnership is considered to be his taxable income. Passive Activity Gains and Losses The family had a passive activity loss of $6,200 from their rental properties because the family does not materially participate in the business. Passive activity losses can only offset passive activity income, and passive activity tax credits can only be used against tax attributable to passive activity income on your tax return. The $44,000 profit from the sale of the rental house is a passive gain. Adjustments to Income (on the 1040 form this area is called Adjusted Gross Income) Spouse A’s $600 monthly alimony is a deductible expense because his ex-spouse has to pay income tax Spouse A’s deductible portion of his Self Employment tax on his $142,000 partnership income would be an adjustment because an individual is able to deduct the amount of taxes that an employer would normally pay. Moving expenses are not able to be used as an adjustment to income because the family did not lessen the commute by at least 50 miles. The passive loss from the rental properties are an adjustment to gross income. The money that Spouse A contributes to his Keogh retirement plan is not an adjustment to gross income because it is not one of the specified types of retirement plans that are able to be used as an adjustment. Deductions The Family should take the standard tax deduction because I do not believe that their itemized deductions will total more than the standard deduction. The donations to charity are tax deductible as long as the couple kept up with records and can itemize each deduction. This would be reported on schedule A. Spouse B’s new wardrobe for her new job is not tax deductible because the clothes can be worn for other occasions than just work. The family will not be able to take their health care costs as a deduction because the medical costs did not equal 7.5% of their income. Tax credits A tax credit is an amount of money that is able to be subtracted from the actual amount of taxes that a taxpayer owes. This will reduce the amount of taxes that the family has to pay to the IRS. Spouse A will not get a credit for his Keogh Plan contributions because the family’s AGI will be too high. The family will get a child tax credit for each of the two children under 17. It may be possible for the family to get an Education credit for their College freshman and deduct some of the eligble expenses.American Opportunity Tax Credit to deduct up to $2,500 for expenses of their college freshman. The credit is phased out for incomes above $160,000. How to cite Tax Treatments for Individual Returns, Papers

Re-imposition of death penalty in the philippines free essay sample

As this present days the rates of crimes are increasing like kidnapping, murder, rape, car-napping, riding in tandem, drug smuggling and many more. This gruesome crimes has been done by the criminal without any hesitation. Why? Because they know that the capital punishment of the Philippines was light. Criminal knows that if they committed a crime they will be sent off to jail not having any punishment like death penalty. I think that it is time to restore the death penalty as the capital punishment of the Philippines to discipline and to change the point of view of all citizens of the Philippines including the other countries. Restoring the death penalty is the best way to defeat the increasing rate of crimes. The citizens of the Philippines will be afraid of committing a crime if the death penalty is implemented and also the drug smugglers in other countries. My idea in this issue was to use lethal injection as the punishment of death penalty, this punishment was not barbaric. We will write a custom essay sample on Re-imposition of death penalty in the philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead of torturing or applying a barbaric punishment in the criminal, the government can use lethal injection. Implementing the death penalty is bad but if the lives of many persons in the state is in danger to criminals, we must act and determine how to solve this problem. Death penalty must implement and use correctly so that it cannot violates the human right of the people. We have the right to life, life is the gift of God. We need to respect it and to care with it. This rights will be interfered when a person is convicted with a crime and the decision of the courts was a death sentence through death penalty or euthanasia concept of mercy killing is applied.

Personal Goals Essay Example

Personal Goals Essay I have made several goals and aims that I feel I should meet in order to gain a profit and to help me to run my business successfully. My main aim is to find a local vacant business site and make recommendations on the business idea. I could develop this local business site into my business. Afterwards if all the planning looks reliable I will go ahead with my ideas. I want to open a business that is prosperous and can make me have my own personal satisfaction. Personal Goals My personal goals are to be able to feel content with the outcome of my business. I want to bring a new trend of clothing to British people, especially young youths. With the money made I want to be able to settle down and start a family. I also want to provide the consumers wants and needs. Plus have a good relationship between my employees and customers. I felt that I was motivated by the youth in my society. I know that the youths are craving for these materials after conducting some interview this was the most desired shop. I know for a fact that the things would sell to the youth of my community. Also have always wanted to work for myself and be my own boss. I find it less hassle once my business gets of the ground to work for myself than have the hassle working for someone else. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Goals specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Goals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Goals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My personal aim is to make new friends and new contacts I would like to leave the business when it is successful to my children. Business Aims I want to be able to maintain a steady profit margin in while running my business. I need to make sure that the launch of my business is well promoted and advertised to the public. Be able to borrow sufficient money for my business from a bank loan. I want to be able to provide a good service to my customers and make them feel comfortable. I want to be able to pick the right location. I would have a sales promotion to try and encourage customers to buy from my shop. I want to be able to expand my business when the time is right. I want to be able to situate my business in a part of London. I would also install changing rooms and security men because it would be tempting to buy from my stall. But this will be useless if I didnt find a vacant local business site. My main business aim is to find that site with the right location. Then make recommendations pertaining to the site and the business. It is essential that the location I choose is legitimate because if I buy a premises and the price is to high or not enough customers pass by there. The before I start my business is already doomed. Methods of arriving at my aims If I want to fulfil my aims there are certain procedures I have to take into consideration. I would need to carry out some research into my chosen field to try and find out what my potential customers want. I would find my data by conducting a field research to gain customers views. I will use questionnaires as my tool for my research. It would provide facts and figures that are up to date, appropriate and specifically on what I want to find out. The disadvantage is that it is expensive to collect, I may get a low response rate and I need a large sample size to get an legitimate result. To have a good relationship with my employees I would be polite and courteous towards them. Like no other job I would make them look forward to coming in to work. I am going to definitely use Abraham Maslows motivation theory, which is: Methods of arriving at my aims To make certain that the local public know about the arrival of my business and it location I will need to advertise my business. Since I dont have a lot of money to spend I would advertise locally first then expand. But for the time being I will advertise on a local radio station. I would consider the time as well, I would want to put my message on when potential customers would be listening. For example I want young youths so I would put my advertisement on what they would be listening to. I wouldnt put it on when the classical music program is playing. To find out what youths listen to I would ask them that in my questionnaire. Also I would set up some posters to give an visual effect. Most people may not know what I am going to sell. The poster would have some sample clothing of what I would sell in the shop. The potential buyers would see it and would want to have it and be able to see more. My adverts would be persuasive and try to convince the consumer that they need this product to look cool. They would play on peoples fears and vulnerabilities and cause desires that didnt exist before. In order to keep customers coming back regularly I would use the pricing strategy of skimming. I would charge a high price for the product first which would attract people with large incomes. When the product has been established I would then lower the price to make it a mass-market product. The customers would feel they are getting a bargain and buy the product. Also after a few months when the sales start to reduce I would introduce discounts to the products. When the price decreases the quantity of demand would rise. These clothes would become a substitute to the other expensive clothing that is worn. I will also sell current cool clothes to attract the customers. Also there would be a constant piece of advertising in my front window. A manikin would be placed in front of the shop window displaying some clothing. This method is known as point of sale advertising. In order to pick the right location I need to consider how customers can travel to my store. Is it easy to get to? The easier it is to get to and the more noticeable it is the more customers I would receive. I would try to make the store as modern as possible to make it appeal to the young youths. I would also play music in the store that they would be into to help them feel more welcome and relaxed. My Business Objectives It is a necessity for my business to have understandable and clear objectives in for my business to run according to plan I need objectives and goals to set. An objective is anything that the business wants to achieve. The reason I am opening a business is because I want to be able to provide a different style of clothing to the youths of today. I also would like to feel independence that comes from being my own boss. I intend to meet new people and make new companions. I want my store to be diverse according to the other stores. I want to be able introduce new trend to the society. I would investigate the chosen area to see the crime rates and the transport and communication links. Also I would research on what other shops look like selling products similar to mine. It would help me accumulate more information about what features modern shops have. Which would result in better ideas. I anticipate that the average product life cycle of my products would be like this: My main business objective is to make a substantial profit, which would allow me to pay the bills and be able to have some money left over for me to live off. I need to be able to fulfil my needs which are food, water, warmth, shelter and clothing. An additional objective would be to supply the clothes that the public demand from my business. Also my turnover should always be greater than my expenses.

Event Management Theory Essay Example

Event Management Theory Essay Example Event Management Theory Essay Event Management Theory Essay Main Reading: Solomon, M. R. (2011) Consumer behaviour; buying, having and being, 9th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc Consumers as Individuals How and Why consumers are defining their identities The process of consumer behaviour/buying behaviour Talk about consumer wants/needs Buyer = transaction-based description Customer = I am doing to you Consumer = ongoing process, consumption consumer is part of process KEY QUESTIONS Task 1 understand your current customers and market to them Task 2 identify your desired customers Task 3 understand your desired customers and market to them Realistic choice of customers to match your service? Service matching to your choice of customers? Restrictions of your current customers? i. e. age Clashes between customer groups? i. e. old customers vs newer, younger demographic Situational Analysis to Planning PESTLE SWOT And any others you can use/apply Consumer Requirements, Needs and Expectations social responsibility Sustainability Community THING CHANGE! corporate Demographics i. e. roles of women, children aging population Technology DEFINE OUR CONSUMER Psychographics: Lifestyle Personality PERCEPTION how we view our emotion toward something i. e. past experiences affect SENSES SENSES how we feel toward something: vision: colour, styling (be careful about cultures react to some things) scent : stress.. (Solomon, 2011, P89). Early associations: Smell -> memory -> mood mood action/inaction touch taste STIMULI learned patterns and expectations SEMIOTICS symbols to create meaning HEDONIC CONSUMPTION The pursuit of pleasure SENSORY MARKETING REFER TO WEEK 1 POWERPOINT Prepare a report presentation = both DUE 1 lth DECEMBER Look at UDO for MODULE HANDBOOK Heading to Cromford Mills on 1 lth October loam until 4pm sound: strategic decisions have also included the acquisition of petrol stations and Plan A is a good example for how strategic planning can alter an organisations brand image altogether, whilst still proving to be a functional and attainable channel for corporate responsibility. Of Plan A, Chief Executive Mark Bolland states It has the potential to create a first for the World; Plan A was designed to make Marks Spencer the first ne hundred percent sustainable international multi-channel business . This one goal is what Marks Spencer is aiming to achieve by the year 201 5 but to achieve this the organisation has many targets to reach by set periods of time. This report will analyse and evaluate what Marks Spencer have achieved up until this point, using Plan A as an example for their strategic management decisions. For the companys non-strategic management decisions, this report will provide numerous examples of Marks Spencer short-term impact methods and show how they are linked to the brands

Biography of Jefferson Davis, Confederate President

Biography of Jefferson Davis, Confederate President Jefferson Davis  (born Jefferson Finis Davis; June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was a prominent American soldier, secretary of war, and political figure who became the president of the Confederate States of America, a nation formed in rebellion to the United States. Before becoming a leader of the slave states in rebellion, he was  viewed by some as a  plausible future president of the United States. Fast Facts: Jefferson Davis Known For:  Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America.Also Known As:  Jefferson Finis DavisBorn:  June 3, 1808  in Todd County, KentuckyParents: Samuel Emory Davis and Jane DavisDied: December 6, 1889  in New Orleans, LouisianaEducation: Transylvania University, U.S. Military Academy at West PointPublished Works:  The Rise and Fall of the Confederate GovernmentSpouses: Sarah Knox Taylor, Varina HowellChildren: 6Notable Quote: Are we, in this age of civilization and political progress†¦to roll back the whole current of human thought, and again return to the mere brute force which prevails between beasts of prey, as the only method of settling questions between men? Early Life and Education Jefferson Davis grew up in Mississippi and was educated at Transylvania University in Kentucky for three years. He then entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, graduated in 1828, and received a commission as an officer in the U.S. Army. Early Career and Family Life Davis served as an infantry officer for seven years. After resigning his military commission in 1835, Davis married Sarah Knox Taylor, the daughter of  Zachary Taylor, the future president and Army colonel. Taylor strongly disapproved of the marriage. The newlyweds moved to Mississippi, where Sarah contracted malaria and died within three months. Davis himself contracted malaria and recovered, but he often suffered lingering effects from the disease. Over time, Davis repaired his relationship with Zachary Taylor and he became one of Taylors most trusted advisers during his presidency. Davis married Varina Howell in 1845. They remained married for the rest of his life and had six children, three of whom lived to adulthood. Cotton Plantation and Start in Politics From 1835 to 1845, Davis became a successful cotton planter, farming on a plantation called Brierfield, which had been given to him by his brother. He also began buying slaves in the mid-1830s. According to the federal census of 1840, he owned 39 slaves. In the late 1830s, Davis took a trip to Washington, D.C.  and apparently met President  Martin Van Buren. His interest in politics developed, and in 1845 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat. The Mexican War and Political Rise With the beginning of the  Mexican War  in 1846, Davis resigned from Congress and formed a volunteer company of infantrymen. His unit fought in Mexico, under General Zachary Taylor, and Davis was wounded. He returned to Mississippi and received a heros welcome. Davis was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1847  and obtained a powerful position on the Military Affairs Committee. In 1853, Davis was appointed secretary of war in the cabinet of President  Franklin Pierce. It was probably his favorite job, and Davis took to it energetically, helping to bring important reforms to the military. His interest in science inspired him to  import camels  for use by the U.S. Cavalry. Secession In the late 1850s, as the nation was splitting over the issue of slavery, Davis returned to  the U.S. Senate. He cautioned other southerners about secession, but when slave states started leaving the Union, he resigned from the Senate. On January 21, 1861, in the waning days of the administration of  James Buchanan, Davis gave a dramatic farewell speech in the Senate and pleaded for peace. President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis was the only president of the Confederate States of America. He held the office from 1861 until the collapse of the Confederacy at the end of the Civil War, in the spring of 1865. Davis never campaigned for the presidency of the Confederacy in the sense that politicians in the United States campaign. He was essentially selected to serve and he claimed not to be seeking the position. He began his term with widespread support within the states in rebellion. Opposition As the Civil War continued, Davis critics within the Confederacy increased. Before secession, Davis had consistently been a forceful and eloquent advocate for states rights.  Ironically, he became inclined to impose the rule of a strong central government as he tried to manage the Confederate government. Strong states rights advocates within the Confederacy came to oppose him. Besides his choice of Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, Davis is mostly deemed a weak leader by historians. Davis was seen as prickly, a poor delegator, overly involved in details, wrongly attached to defending Richmond, Virginia, and guilty of cronyism. Most historians agree that he was far less effective as a leader during wartime than his counterpart, President Abraham Lincoln. After the War Following the Civil War, many in the federal government and the public believed Davis to be a traitor responsible for years of bloodshed and the deaths of many thousands. There was a strong suspicion that Davis had been involved in the  assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Some accused him of having ordered Lincolns murder. After Davis was apprehended by Union cavalry while trying to escape and perhaps keep the rebellion going, he was locked up in a military prison for two years. For a time he was kept in chains, and his health suffered from his rough treatment. The federal government eventually decided not to prosecute Davis and he returned to Mississippi. He was financially ruined, since he had lost his plantation (and, like many other large landholders in the south, his slaves). Later Years and Death Thanks to a wealthy benefactor, David was able to live comfortably on an estate, where he wrote a book about the Confederacy, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. In his final years, in the 1880s, he was often visited by admirers. Davis died on December 6, 1889. A large funeral was held for him in New Orleans and he was buried in the city. His body was eventually moved to a large tomb in Richmond, Virginia. Legacy Davis, in the decades before the Civil War, served admirably in a number of positions within the federal government. Before becoming a leader of the slave states in rebellion, he was  viewed by some as a  possible future president of the United States. But his accomplishments are judged differently from other American politicians. While he held the Confederate government together in nearly impossible circumstances, he was considered a traitor by those loyal to the United States. There were many Americans who believed he should have been tried for treason and hanged after the Civil War. Some advocates for Davis point to his intellect and relative skill in governing the rebel states. But his detractors note the obvious: Davis strongly believed in the perpetuation of slavery. The veneration of Jefferson Davis remains a controversial subject. Statues of him appeared throughout the south following his death, and, because of his defense of slavery, many now believe those statues should be taken down. There are also periodic calls to remove his name from public buildings and roads which had been named in his honor. His birthday continues to be celebrated in several southern states, and his presidential library opened in Mississippi in 1998. Sources Cooper, William C., Jr. Jefferson Davis, American. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.  McPherson, James M. Embattled Rebel: Jefferson Davis as Commander in Chief. Penguin Press, 2014.  Strode, Hudson. Jefferson Davis: Confederate President. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959.

American Government and History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Government and History - Assignment Example There were a series of events including tax resistance against British colonists that led to the formation of a congress that adopted the Independence Declaration. This resulted to the foundation of The United States of America. With constitution amendment, abolishment of retrogressive practices like slavery and the emergence of the Manifest Destiny Doctrine a stable government was formed. This paper seeks to assess the history of the American government. 1. The term government refers to a system through which policies of a state are enforced to control its citizens. The government includes legislators, administrators and arbitrators. These positions are acquired through political discourses. 3. Sovereignty is "an attribute of a state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is supreme in its domestic policy and independence in the foreign one" (Story 88). This enables a state to have authority over another. 4. Hegemony refers to a type of leadership where there is imperial dominance.The ruler uses the implied power to geopolitically mediocre states. Rebellion is thus eliminated without direct military action Theocracy is a means of rule that has raised a lot of debate between the religious rulers and political leaders on who has more power. It is a type of government who are led by religious persons who are divinely guided in their state activities. The source of power is from a supreme being that is God. These leaders must be members of a clergy. Some of the benefits of this type of leadership is it creates a sagacity of community that is more established. There is also an infallible word of law with strict rules, and a respectable and notable leader since authority is from God (Storey 96). However, there are disadvantages that come as a result of theocracy, and they outweigh the advantages. According to Storey (98), perversion of the theocracy by

Report for toyota Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For toyota - Lab Report Example The local network endeavors to facilitate the progression of a company by compliance with ten global compact principles. They also tries to create opportunities for multi stakeholder related engagement and also collaborative action (United Nations Global Compact, 2010). Toyota Motor Corporation is a leading name in the global automobile industry. The environment related principles stated in global compact principles have been maintained quite efficiently by Toyota is their global venture as well as in their local networks. Their efforts to comply with the environment related principles have contributed to their rise towards the zenith of automobile industry. The environment principles in the global compact predominantly encourages companies to support a precautionary approach towards the environmental challenges along with undertaking greater environment related responsibility, and also encouraging to develop environment friendly technologies. Toyota based on their independently developed ‘Toyota Way’ has made a commitment towards environment. Their environment friendly approach has been incorporated in all of their business operations and throughout their entire life cycle of any product developed by them. The strategy called sustaina ble mobility has been utilized by Toyota to for managing and developing vehicles as well as technologies. Toyota, as a leader in the environmentally prepared technologies, has always looked to make the world ‘green’. Toyota looks to raise the industry standards by developing innovative fuel technologies and vehicles in future. Their main aim is to create vibrant and mobile society along with maintaining harmony with the global environment (Toyota, 2010). Toyota also plays major role implementing their global environmental standards in the local networks. The evidence to this can be

Quarterly Performance Review Essay Example for Free

Quarterly Performance Review Essay Being a retail store we all know how important customer service is, but many don’t see the importance of good vendor support as well. Vendors are important and should be looked after. Since they provide us with our foundations to running our business with providing us with the products and merchandise we sell. Elaine Bridgewater, our retail relationship manager, has been a great addition to our team. With her experience she is able to bring technical knowledge about the industry giving us a competitive advantage over many other golf equipment stores. Everyday Elaine brings her boundless energy and she is always driven and motivated. Elaine’s engaging personal style has built numerous new retail relationships for our company. However I do have some concerns regarding Elaine’s performance. Since she is the first person our retailers contact it is important to be attentive to the retailers needs. Unfortunately we have received complaints from various retailers that their calls are not returned the same day, but usually days later. If retailers email Elaine they seem to get lost in the email conversation since email message from Elaine could have been written clearer, making a simple email go back and forth numerous times due to confusion. Furthermore weekly reports are not created with care, but seem as if they were thrown together quickly. Although these may not seem like critical issues, and they are all simple fixes, but are very crucial to the survival of our business. With some standardized guidelines and practice these are areas Elaine could easily improve on. The retail channel is a very important aspect to the survival of our company and so it is important that that channel is maintained at all times. To help make the changes easier we will establish appropriate standards and guidelines for the retail division. All call and emails should be responded to within 24 hours of receiving it. We will also provide an array of email response templates since most of the correspondences are routine.

Hamlets Humanness :: essays research papers

Sometimes the only way to describe something is to give their antithesis or archetype. We already learned from Polonius’s tautologous description of Hamlet’s antic behavior how not to define. He says, â€Å"Your noble son is mad./Mad I call I it, for to define true madness,/What is’t but to be nothing else but mad?† (II, ii). Although Shakespeare’s description on being human takes a whole play, he does a little better than Polonius. Shakespeare displays the sometimes murky relationship between God and man by showing God and Hamlet’s plans adjacent to each other. This relationship is put in real life terms for the audience to see. The Tragedy of Hamlet reveals what it is to be human is to not be God, to not be God is to not be perfect, and not to be perfect is to be flawed. Shakespeare even goes so far as to illustrate how humans should act using a conscience in light of their flaws. These flaws arise in Hamlet’s deviation from God’s plan as brought to light by the Ghost. Whether or not those flaws are forgiven is a different question; a question we should not answer. In fact, this is where Hamlet goes wrong with God’s message from the ghost, [proved as being a â€Å"spirit of health† not â€Å"goblin damned† (I, iv), by Claudius’s reaction to the play that shall prick his conscience, â€Å"Lights!† (III, ii)] Hamlet is supposed to â€Å"Leave [mother] to Heaven† (I, v). Hamlet forgets this part of the plan as he erupts in a not so casual castigation, â€Å"You go not till I set you up a glass...And let me wring your heart† (III, iv) suggesting he’ll call her out on her actions himself. Hamlet also deviates from God’s plan when he doesn’t kill Claudius because he may send him to a place Hamlet thinks he does not deserve; Heaven. He waits to kill and says, â€Å"Then trip him, tha t his hells may kick at Heaven/And that his soul may be as damned and black/As Hell, whereto it goes† (III, iii). Hamlet shows us his flaws, how his plans of action are different from Gods, the differences humans have from God and in turn gives a small picture of what it is to be human.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conscience is used in the play Hamlet for many important reasons. It is used to bring justice and to reveal failures and shortcomings.

Advantages of Being an Adult and Being a Child

Melanie Montez Eng 101 10/20/2012 Mr. Schlittner Compare and Contrast Essay Advantages of being a child vs being an adult. The advantages of being a child are easy enough to say that it will be a lot simpler than being an adult. Growing up you always wanted to be an adult and all the freedom that comes with being an adult. Being a child, you have your parents there every day to help you to adjust in the world.You also have all of your siblings there to fight or argue and then make up after your done, that always made your mom upset that you were always fighting with each other and then there goes the time when your mom will make you do this holding hands thing until you guys can get along. There is always cartoons on in the morning befrore you get up and go play outside. You can eat cereal three times a day and not ever be tired of it and you can also play in the mud without even caring if you got dirty. The birthday parties were always more fun too.Being a child had its disadvantage s too, you would have to go to sleep early and have to be up in the morning to go to school. There is the doctors appointments that your mom never told you about, and when you get into the doctors office the doctor pulls out this big humungous needle and sticks it in your arm. Your mom used to tell you that it was good for you and it will make you not get sick, then when your arm is in pain you think she is telling you a lie from your parents and basically their undevided attention and think as a child â€Å"wow that would be fun and great.It is a daily routine being a child; getting up to go to school, shower, breakfast, lunch money, a ride to school and to see your friends and learn for the day. Not worrying about all those grown up things that adults do to survive and to do right by trying to survive and take care of children so they do not have a life most children do not get to have. You would have to worry only about friends, siblings and having the best time as a child. At t he end of the day you would have dinner made for you and only have to worry about doing all these things all over again the next day.When you are an adult your day would start by waking up in the early morning thinking about how you will spend the day. Well of course in some cases you will have children so automatically there is responsibilities that has to be taken care of and that will the start of the day. Of course being and adult comes with a lot of responsibility. Growing up; schools and parents would teach you that being an adult comes with a lot of responsibility; so of course the day would start off by waking up to think of how you would take care of the family today.Even if it is just to make them food or give them a ride to school. In order to be a responsible adult you would have to find ways to provide for yourself and your children. These things do not come in books either because I looked. They are not as easy as you think it is. You will have these people depending o n you to do the best and to get them the things they need. As a child you would get to experience many things such as vacations, friends, allowence, and some kids; even though they would not be able to experience a vacation hey would still have those child hood memories that one day their children will want to hear and know about. Think of how it would make a parent feel if they cannot give their child a vacation. Parents just do not come across vacations that easy.Something a parent would have to do to get a child a vacation would be impossible. That is just one of the things parents would have to think about. It would be more complicated than that to be a great parent. There is also a lot of caring to consider when raising a child. You ave to consider the begining of the childs life and make sure you are parents who love their children. Need is another part of parenting that we all need to consider. Children will need to learn from their parents and grow up to be what is right for them and when you are a child you will learn to find out that one day with all the hard days of raising children they will be able to find out in the real world that it takes a lot of work to raise children. When you see your children grow up because you who had anything to do with it they will thank you as long as you grow up right.Children are always wanted and needed for this world to continue and it is very important that we all think and take advantage for the great things we get in life. As you get older you also start to loose family members and we all will get old. As an adult we will have to face the fact that the children we do have will eventually grow up and find someone of their own to start their own family with. It is not the best to be an adult and all the responsibilities it has to come with but in the long run as long as you have the right mentality.

Food Rituals in Hinduism

Hindu Traditions: Food and Purification Ashley LeBlanc Introduction to Eastern Religions Dr. Patricia Campbell November 16, 2010 LeBlanc 2 Hinduism is a religion that originated in India and is still practiced by most of the Natives as well as the people who have migrated from India to other parts of the world. Statistically there are over seven hundred million Hindus, mainly in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Approximately eighty percent of the population in India is Hindu (Encyclopaedia Britannica n. d. ).The word Hindu comes from an ancient Sanskrit term meaning â€Å"dwellers by the Indus River,† referring to the location of India's earliest know civilization, the Pakistan. The religion suggests commitment to or respect for an ideal way of life known as Dharma. Hinduism absorbs foreign ideas and beliefs making it have a wide variety of beliefs and practices. This has given it a character of social and doctrinal system that extends to every aspect of life. One of the most impo rtant aspects of the Hindu tradition is the food and purification process.Not only is the concept of purity and food seen in sacred texts, but also is a daily practice within Hindu practitioners. According to the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"All beings come into existence from food. Food comes from rains. Rains originate from the performance of sacrifices. And sacrifice is born out of doing prescribed duties† (3:13). Therefore, food is verily an aspect of Brahman, which according to Jeffery Brodd is â€Å"the eternal, unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality which is the Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, being, and everything beyond in this Universe† (Brodd 2003, 17).Since the food is a gift from the gods, it should be treated with respect. Also in the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna states that there are three types of sacrifices, along with austerity and charity. Sattvic (cold) food is one that increases longevity, purity, strength, happiness, and tast e; these foods are usually juicy or oily. These types of foods are allowed, and mostly recommended as offerings to the gods. Rajasic (or hot) includes foods that are bitter, sour, hot, spicy, and salty which is believed to lead to disease, unhappiness, and sorrow.When a LeBlanc person eats these foods without sacrifice, it is believed that they will develop the qualities they convey and act upon them (Michaels 2004, 183-184). When it comes to preparing food, the person preparing it is closely speculated. Purity is the goal during preparation. Chants and purification rituals with incense and offerings are done before, and sometimes after every meal. In the Hindu tradition, purification is not only an expression of external status, but also make one pure internally and morally.For example, a butcher or a farmer’s products would be considered impure for the fact that they are harming innocent living creatures for sustenance, whereas bakers and milkmen are reaping products withou t harm (Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 1996). The age, status, and sex of the person cooking and serving the food are also taken into account. Hindus also believe food that has been purified can be re-polluted by touching or even looking at it. Because of this, women who are menstruating cannot prepare or serve food for the fear of pollution.At the same time, many sacrifices and offerings are performed based on reciprocity. Another method in Hindu tradition to keep food pure during consumption is to eat with the right hand, as the left hand is seen to be impure since it is used for cleaning after defecation. 3 Another aspect that is closely looked at is who may accept cooked food from whom. The usual custom goes that the young can accept food from the elder, the inferior rank from the superior, the wife from the husband, and so on. The only exception in Hindu tradition is in weddings.In this circumstance, the bride’s family cooks for the usually higher-ranking groom and his family . Another example noted in Michael’s book is when â€Å"Brahman cooks, when hired by higher ranking Brahmans; or temple feedings, when the food is seen as leftovers of the gods and thus all believers stand at the same level and eat next to one another† (2004, 183). Also in terms of leftovers, it is seen as an act of respect if the wife consumes the leftovers of her LeBlanc 4 husband, or eats after him from his plate.This is deliberate pollution as the pure food has already been consumed and any leftovers have been touched by human hands, and thus impure. Food to Hindus is a lifelong religious and social concern; it stands at the core of religion and society. Some even say that â€Å"[food] shapes family life, caste-and-marriage rules, and religious and spiritual values† (Khare 2004, 415). There are many taboos, ritual exclusions, preferences and prescriptions concerning the conception of ‘vegetarianism’ and ‘nonvegetariansim’.This taboo creates four separate areas of India that practice either vegetarianism or nonvegeratianism differently; The north constitutes Kashmir and Punjab to Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh; the ‘western’ includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, the ‘eastern’ region Bihar, Bengal, Assam, Orissa, and other northeastern states, and the ‘southern’ includes Kannada, Talminadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh (Khare 2004, 415). Customary ways in these areas are passed on from generation to generation, and are practiced religiously. Food taboos are a historically complicated subject for Hindus.For example, the beef taboo creates ecological and political conflicts. According to Khare, â€Å"Brahmanical deification of cow played a crucial role long-term vis-a-vis Buddhism, producing a prologned religious, historical, and regional tussel, yielding, in the process, changing definitons of both nonviolence and vegetariansim† (2004, 416). Today, fol lowers of Vishnu are most often vegetarians and practice right-handed rituals, whereas worshippers of the goddess justify meat eating, drinking, and left-handed rituals. Therefore, more modern interpretations of Hinduism in relation to dietary practices can still differ.In terms of prasada , or ‘blessed food’, are primarily vegetarian when being offered to gods such as Vishnu, Rama, Krishna, and Ganesh. One must also remember that not all goddess worshipers are meat-eaters, some still practice vegetarianism. (Khare 2004, 417). LeBlanc In terms of the actual ritual of purification, it differs from each practicioner. Hindus constantly practice the methods of obtaining control and exercising restraint methods of purification and of cultivation of positive moral qualities. Food in Hinduism, as previously mentioned, is one of the most celebrated rituals.For example, a child’s first feeding is celebrated as a samskara ( celebration at a stage of life). The ritual first begins with a clean 5 surrounding. When food is served, water is sprinkled around it. This is meant to purify the foods and make it worthy for sacrifice. Then, food is offered to five pranas (breath- one of the five organs of vitality or sensation) (Widgery 1930, 235); The five pranas, along with their explanation are as follows: Prana is responsible for the beating of the heart and breathing. Prana enters the body through the breath and is sent to every cell through the circulatory system.Apana is responsible for the elimination of waste products from the body through the lungs and excretory systems. Udana produces sounds through the vocal apparatus, as in speaking, singing, laughing, and crying. Also it represents the conscious energy required to produce the vocal sounds corresponding to the intent of the being. Hence Samyama on udana gives the higher centers total control over the body. Samana controls the digestion of food and cell metabolism (i. e. the repair and manufacture o f new cells and growth). Samana also includes the heat regulating processes of the body. Auras are projections of this current.By meditational practices one can see auras of light around every being. Yogis who do special practise on samana can produce a blazing aura at will. Vyana is responsible for the expansion and contraction processes of the body, e. g. the voluntary muscular system (Prana 2010). LeBlanc 6 In conclusion, we can see through Hindu rituals and practices that food and purity plays an important role in everyday life. The importance of purity when consuming sacrificed foods or foods offered to a chosen deity is great. Hinduism thrives despite numerous reforms and shortcuts through gradual modernization and urbanization of Indian life.Thus, Hinduism, which sustained India through centuries of foreign occupation and internal disruption, continues to serve a vital function by giving passionate meaning and supportive form to the lives of Hindus today.

The History of Rubber and Latex

The History of Rubber and Latex Free Online Research Papers History: No one knows how long rubber has been around. Men have discovered fossils of rubber-producing plants which appear to date back almost 3,000,000 years. Archeologists have dug up crude rubber balls in ruins of Inca and Mayan civilizations in Central and South America. These are at least nine centuries old. Christopher Columbus deserves some credit for the discovery of rubber. The earliest reliable records note that the natives of Haiti played a game with a ball made from â€Å"the gum of a tree†. This report was written by a Spanish subject who accompanied Colombus on his second voyage to the New World. Portuguese historians have written that Emperor Montezuma in 1520 entertained Hernan Cortes and his soldiers in Mexico city with a game played with rubber balls. Even earlier the natives southeastern Asia knew of rubber prepared from the â€Å"juice† of a tree. They used it to make torches, and coated baskets and jars with it to make them waterproof. In the eighteenth century two French scientists, Francois Fresneau and Charles Marie de la Condamine found new uses for rubber. These two scientists spent several years in South American on botanical research for the French academy. In 1736 they sent back to France several rolls of crude rubber, together with a description of the products fabricated from it by the people of the Amazon Valley. Fresneau called it â€Å"caoutchouc†, the French variation for â€Å"cahucho† the Indian term for â€Å"weeping tree†. The reports described how the South Americans made shoes, battle shields, and syringe bulbs, or bottles, from the rubber, and how it was used to waterproof clothing. General scientific interest in the substance and its properties was revived. Thirty years later, in 1770, Joseph Priestly, an English chemist at the discovery of oxygen, found that rubber could run out the marks made with a pencil. However, it is believed that someone else gave the substance it’s English name â€Å"rubber†. These two scientists spent several years in south American on botanical research for the French academy. In 1791 the first commercial application of rubber was initiated when an English manufacturer, Samuel Peal, patented a method of waterproofing cloth by treating it with a solution of rubber in turpentine. In 1820 British Industrialist Nadier produced rubber threads and attempted to use them in clothing accessories. The British inventor and chemist Charles Macintosh, in 1823, established a plant in Glasgow for the manufacture of waterproof cloth and the rainproof garments that have since borne his name. Because the rubber then used in England came from India the term â€Å"Indian Rubber† was widely used. This term is still generally used in European countries, especially the English speaking ones. In the United States and Canada the name rubber is used alone. NRL: Latex, milky fluid found in specialized cells, called lactiferous cells, of many higher plants. Latex, a polymer dispersed in water, contains a complex emulsion composed of varying proportions of gums, resins, tannins, alkaloids, proteins, starches, sugars, and oils. It is usually white, but in a few plants it may be yellow, orange, or red. Latex is found in most species of the milkweed, dogbane, sapodilla, spurge, mulberry, poppy, and chicory.Many commercial gums, including rubber, balata, guayule, gutta-percha, opium, chicle, and chewing gum, are products made from refined latex. It is now also produced synthetically. The growth function of latex is not entirely understood by botanists. In some plants, latex is exuded at the site of wounds, forming a protective layer. The latex in several plants is bitter or poisonous, providing a defense against animals. Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia are the largest producers of natural rubber in the world.. Natural rubber comes from the Havea brasiliensis tree, which grow in tropical regions. They typically reach 20-30 meters in height on rubber plantations, and are able to produce commercial quantities of latex at about 7 years of age, depending on climate and location. The trees tend to live about 10 to 20 years, but may extend past 25 years in the hands of a skilled tapper and bark consuHavea trees are not tapped any more often than once per day, with 2 or 3 days being the norm. In countries such as Thailand, tapping usually takes place in the early hours of the morning, before dawn because the temperatures are very high and the clothing the tappers have to wear to protect them from predators is extremely hot.. Also flow rates are increased due to higher turgor pressures at these times. A tapper uses a sharp hook shaped knife to shave a thin layer of fresh bark from the tree. This exposes the latex vesicles. The cut is typically done at 25-30 ° to the horizontal, as this exposes the maximum number of vesicles. The same incision is done the next day. Virgin bark is exposed first working around in panels. They may do the same thing up to seven hours later. The thickness of the slices is extremely important to the vitality of the tree as well as the production of the latex. If you cut the slice too thick you will damage the tree and reduce the amount of product it can produce. If you cut the slices too thin it won’t produce a good amount of latex. Bark is removed in a specific area for a period of time, and then a new area is tapped allowing the tree to heal and eventually repair itself. The latex runs down and is collected in a cup. Each tree usually produces about half a cup of latex per day and is collected later in the day. Latex will flow for approximately 1 to 3 hours after which time the vesicles become plugged with coagulum .Processing of natural rubber involves the addition of a dilute acid such as formic acid. Then a final rolling is performed using a textured roller and the resultant rubber sheet is dried. Following this, the rubber is ready for export of further processing. This type of natural rubber accounts for about 90% of natural rubber production.Final rolling of the latex sheets using a textured roller. Natural rubber is used in a pure form in some applications. In this case, the latex tapped from trees is concentrated using centriguges, removing water and proteinaceous materials. It is then preserved using a chemical such as ammonia. Natural rubber is used for making products such as glue, tires, toys, shoes, condoms, gloves, catheters, balloons, some medical tubing ect. When the rubber tree dies it’s wood is used to make furniture. The tree rarely ever goes to waste and serves a meaningful purpose for it’s lifespan. Vulcanization of Rubber: Vulcanization is the treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities like strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. Chemically, the process involves the formation of cross-linkages between the polymer chains of the rubbers molecules. Vulcanization is accomplished usually by a process invented by Charles Goodyear in 1839, involving combination with sulfur and heating. A method of cold vulcanization (treating rubber with a bath or vapors of a sulfur compound) was developed by Alexander Parkes in 1846. Rubber for almost all ordinary purposes is vulcanized; exceptions are rubber cement, crepe-rubber soles, and adhesive tape. Hard rubber is vulcanized rubber in which 30% to 50% of sulfur has been mixed before heating; soft rubber contains usually less than 5% of sulfur. After the sulfur and rubber (and usually an organic accelerator, e.g., an aniline compound, to shorten the time or lower the heat necessary for vulcanization) are mixed, the compound is usually placed in molds and subjected to heat and pressure. The heat may be applied directly by steam, by steam-heated molds, by hot air, or by hot water. Vulcanization can also be accomplished with certain peroxides, gamma radiation, and several other organic compounds. The finished product is not sticky like raw rubber, does not harden with cold or soften much except with great heat, is elastic, springing back into shape when deformed instead of remaining deformed as unvulcanized rubber does, is highly resistant to abrasion and to gasoline and most chemicals, and is a good insulator against electricity and heat. Many synthetic rubbers undergo processes of vulcanization, some of which are similar to that applied to natural rubber. The invention of vulcanization made possible the wide use of rubber and aided the development of such industries as the automobile industry. For years Goodyear tried to make rubber that would not be affected by temperatures. One day Goodyear accidentely spilled a mixture of rubber and sulphur on a hot stove. When he removed it he found that the rubber could be stretched and was not gummy. He found that in order to make a rubber manufacture you need to add rubber, sulphur and intense heat. In 1844 he had his discovery patented. The process was called vulcanization after Vulcan the roman god of fire. Several other inventors helped to perfect rubber. Thomas Handcock developed a similar method of vulcanization. Nelson Gooyear perfected another way of making hard rubber. Edwin Marcus Chaffee invented the calendars used in rubber factories. Latex Allergy: Allergy to natural rubber latex is becoming more common. Healthcare workers are especially prone to the condition, and it is in these people, and in children who have repeated surgical procedures, that the increase is occurring. This increase is thought to be caused by the general requirement for healthcare workers to use latex gloves when patients are undergoing many treatment procedures because of the increasing prevalence of blood-borne viral diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS. Latex gloves prevent contact with other peoples body fluids. The increase in demand for latex gloves has caused a change in the methods of manufacture and many gloves now contain more natural latex protein than before. Most adults who have become latex sensitive are either health-care workers (particularly nurses), or they are the partners of health care workers, and therefore regularly exposed to latex particles from surgical rubber gloves. It has been suggested that some babies may become sensitized from the latex gloves used by the midwife at the time of their birth. There are two types of allergy to rubber gloves. One is an example of type I (IgE-mediated) allergy and the other is an example of type IV (contact) allergy. Type I can cause generalized allergy or even anaphylaxis and the allergy is caused by a latex protein. Type IV causes dermatitis and chemicals used in glove manufacturer are more likely to cause it than the latex itself. Vulcanized rubber, on the other hand, has numerous applications. Resistance to abrasion makes softer kinds of rubber valuable for the treads of vehicle tires and conveyor belts, and makes hard rubber valuable for pump housings and piping used in the handling of abrasive sludges. Conclusion: The flexibility of rubber is often used in hose, tires, and rollers for a wide variety of devices ranging from domestic clothes wringers to printing presses; its elasticity makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers and for specialized machinery mountings designed to reduce vibration. Being relatively impermeable to gases, rubber is useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, balls, and cushions. The resistance of rubber to water and to the action of most fluid chemicals has led to its use in rainwear, diving gear, and chemical and medicinal tubing, and as a lining for storage tanks, processing equipment, and railroad tank cars. Because of their electrical resistance, soft rubber goods are used as insulation and for protective gloves, shoes, and blankets; hard rubber is used for articles such as telephone housings, parts for radio sets, meters, and other electrical instruments. The coefficient of friction of rubber, which is high on dry surfaces and low on wet surfaces, leads to the use of rubber both for power-transmission belting and for water-lubricated bearings in deep-well pumps. Research Papers on The History of Rubber and LatexQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Hockey GameAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West Meet

Analysis of tesco

Analysis of tesco Introduction The company that our group has chosen to analyse is Tesco. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen who began his new venture by selling surplus groceries from a stall in the east end of London; One his first day he made  £1 profit and  £4 of sales (Tescoplc.com [history]). Tesco has come a long way since then and is now one of the largest food retailers in the world, operating around 2,318 stores and employing over 326,000 people. Not only has Tesco managed to monopolise the food sector, they have also diversified into a number of other sectors, some of which being insurance, mobile networks, clothing, and electronics. However, this report shall have a focus of the food sector in the United Kingdom. Albeit that Tesco has 2,200 stores locally, it is categorised as operating in a globalised environment. Currently Tesco has stores in seven European countries; the United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, Turkey, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and the Republic of Ireland. Furtherm ore also operates in Asia, stores can be found in China, Malaysia, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and Taiwan (Tescoplc.com [community plan]; Tescoplc.com [core UK]). The long term business strategy of Tesco is currently fivefold; to be a successful international retailer; to grow the core UK business; to be as strong in the non-food arena as the food arena; to develop retailing services- such as tesco.com, Telecoms, and Tesco personal finance; and to put community at the heart of what they do (Tescopl.com [long term strategy]). How Tesco chose to implement the corporate strategy is via a steering wheel model; that all of the key elements of the business, customers, operations, people, finance, and community, are dealt with an equal and balanced scorecard (Tescoplc.com [CR strategy]). It has been stated by Tesco that the steering wheel has been implemented to place emphasis on the fact that corporate responsibility is not a specialist function in Tesco, it is a part of everybody’ s job every day (Tescoplc.com [CR strategy]). Tesco works off the business value that their â€Å"core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty† (Tescoplc.com [our values]). Great emphasis is placed within â€Å"people†, without their customers and employees Tesco’s success would not have been possible. For the remainder of this report the variables that can affect Tesco’s competitive advantage shall be considered and evaluated. Value chain When considering the value chain of Tesco there are a number of primary variables that can either add value (+), lose value (-), or have the potential to add value (P+). For the primary activities; Inbound logistics These have an integral importance in the creation of the value chain as they provide the earliest opportunity to create value, therefore because of the elements related to the logistics Tesco try to achieve and maintain the level of consumer choice in store (+). The ef ficiency of distribution system of Tesco does need to be improved (+), and the quality control system should be managed by the company efficiently so that the cost of losses are not imposed upon the customers (P+).

Critically discuss why marketing internationally requires a good Essay

Critically discuss why marketing internationally requires a good understanding of Relationship Marketing and cultural differences - Essay Example at with no awareness of religious, symbolic and other peculiarities of a country-partner it is impossible to reach understanding and gain your business partners. Many failures in business happen due to the lack of knowledge in the field of cross cultural differences. A lot of works are devoted to research and discussion about relationship marketing either with regard to customers’ study, industrial businesses, and business-to-business marketing and other aspects. The main focus of this proposal is works devoted to the discussion of the relational view (Anderson and Narus, 1990; Dwyer et al., 1987). This choice can be explained by the sources’ relevance to the countries chosen for this proposal: China and Japan. In accordance with the relational view, a specificity of South countries is reflected in their peculiar attitude to personal attention in business. These countries are focused on background information on their partners and human factor is of high importance to them. In the process of dissertation proposal it is intended to find out peculiarities of target businesses’ cultures (in China and Japan) and work out strategies and methods for foreign partners to do their business in compliance with the cultural background of businesses in South countries. Many studies have been conducted to research the cross cultural differences of various aspects in personality behavior – starting from psychological side, and ending with the difference in business leadership and online and computer attitudes; however there is still a question – whether these the results of these studies are relevant and is it possible to assume that cross cultural differences exist – or based on the older economic theories, all personalities have similar behavioral patterns which are not different across cultures? The experimental researches conducted in the area of cross cultural differences in personality have found that people behave in different and various ways, in

Dells Competitive Strategies And Supply Chain Dissertation

Dells Competitive Strategies And Supply Chain - Dissertation Example Founded by Michael Dell in the mid-1980s, Dell computers is one of the leading computer technology corporations in the world. At the height of the technology boom of the early 1990s, Dell reached a level where it had grown too large too fast to a point that it had to make radical internal changes to stay profitable. The company’s rock bottom was in 1993 when it lost a considerable portion of its market share, saw its cash flow and net income drop to $20 million and negative $ 40 million respectively. This called for rapid strategic changes to keep the organization afloat.  The company created a lasting profitability strategy through three major elements of; virtual integration, true value customer service features and having tailor-made manufacturing to meet specific customer needs. When Dell initiated computer sales through its website in 1996, it was an industry first, and when it expanded its line of products to include televisions, printer and audio players in 2002, the company had, in essence, the path of diversification aimed at sustaining profitability.   These events coupled with the organization’s three pillars of sustainable profitability saw it hold the spot of the largest seller of PCs worldwide in 2004 at 17.9% in 2004 up from the previous year’s 16.7%, followed closely by HP at 15.8%. For a company that saw negative net income 10 years ago, this market share was quite impressive. A macro-environment is the total sum of external factors that have the influence on a business.... ?s rock bottom was in 1993 when it lost a considerable portion of its market share, saw its cash flow and net income drop to $20 million and negative $ 40 million respectively. This called for rapid strategic changes to keep the organization afloat and that is exactly what Dell did. The company created a lasting profitability strategy through three major elements of; virtual integration, true value customer service features and having tailor made manufacturing to meet specific customer needs. When Dell initiated computer sales through its website in 1996, it was an industry first, and when it expanded its line of products to include televisions, printer and audio players in 2002, the company had in essence the path of diversification aimed at sustaining profitability. These events coupled with the organization’s three pillars of sustainable profitability saw it hold the spot of the largest seller of PCs worldwide in 2004 at 17.9% in 2004 up from the previous year’s 16.7 %, followed closely by HP at 15.8%. For a company that saw negative net income 10 years ago, this market share was quite impressive. Chapter 2: Theory of business and competitive strategy A macro-environment is the total sum of external factors that have influence on a business. These factors are usually beyond the control of an organization’s management and range from demographic, political, and technological to economic forces. Economic forces in this environment include demand and supply, the amount of competition in a market segment, economic resources available and the efficiency of production methods adopted by an organization (Hatten, 2012: P91). Each of the mentioned economic forces have an impact on both an organization’s production output and possible profit margin from the goods

Revolution of Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Revolution of Technology - Research Paper Example In this paper, the author attempts to peruse the causes and effects of the revolution in technology. In addition, the author concurs that the advantages of the revolution in technology far exceeds the few disadvantages which are purported. The National Research Council notes: our society has been through other periods of dramatic change before, driven by such innovations as the steam engine, railroad, telephone, and automobile. But never before have we experienced technologies that are evolving so rapidly (increasing in power by a hundredfold every decade), altering the constraints of space and time, and reshaping the way we communicate, learn, and think. (p. 5) This dynamic altering has changed life as we know it forever and although the revolution in technology has been the major factor in the improvement of life throughout the ages there remains several negative consequences. Nonetheless, these negative features as analyzed in the literature pales in comparison to the plethora of positive effects spawned from the revolution. Notwithstanding, this technology has brought with it an unquenchable thirst for more knowledge and a seemingly disconnection in human physical relationships there is a certain level of satisfaction obtained from the actual utilization of these technologies. This paper purports that the positive effects of the revolution of technology far outweighs the negative. ... Maury Klein emphasized that this industrialization paved the way for â€Å"large cities, the mass migration of people out of rural areas and into cities, as well as changes in the pace of American life†. Atkeson and Kehoe note that the tremendous amount of â€Å"new manufacturing technologies based on electricity† which were invented in the 1860s to 1900s caused that period to be dubbed the Second Industrial Revolution (64). This period was synonymous with a ‘new economy’ personified by rapid increase in the manufacturing industry. The first industrial revolution therefore ended in the nineteenth century with the introduction of electricity which led to a rapid advancement in transportation, medicine and other innovations. This dynamic atmosphere prepared the way for our present revolution, which is also known as the Information Revolution. Cortada suggests two main reasons for the present revolution, namely, â€Å"infusion of federal funds† in the q uest for technological innovations and the â€Å"existence of a potentially large commercial market† for this new technology (17). The commercial market spanned the entire globe. Thus, an individual could correspond with another individual half way across the world in real time. Further, a good could be manufactured in China, be advertised on the World Wide Web and be sold to someone in Australia within a single day. This present revolution in technology holds an abundance of benefits which were never realized in the previous revolutions. III. T he information revolution has had a positive effect on the lives of individuals across the globe or has it? Interestingly, each revolution added to the benefits of the

Functionalist conflict and symbolic perspectives on education

Functionalist conflict and symbolic perspectives on education The basis of todays theoretical perspectives provides sociologists with a philosophical position for asking certain kinds of questions about society and the people that occupy it. The three primary perspectives are functionalist, conflict, and interactionist. These three theories are very relative to education and the whole learning process. These different perspectives allow sociologists the ability to explain how society influences people and their actions. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social forces, and human behavior. The functionalist perspective, also known as functionalism, states that each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to societys functioning as a whole. The government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. The family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. With this being said, the children become law-abiding and taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. The parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. If something goes wrong, the parts of society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability, and productivity. For example, the financial recession we are in right now, with the high rates of unemployment and inflation, social programs and their budgets are usually cut back because funding isnt available. Families end up having to cut back on their spending an d budget as well just to make ends meet. Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus and work together to achieve what is best for society as a whole. The functionalist perspective was popular during the 1940s and 1950s among American sociologist. American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior and European functionalists focused on explaining the inner workings of social order. Sociologist Robert Merton, who was born in 1910, divided human functions into two different types: manifest functions are those that are intentional and obvious and latent functions are those that are unintentional and not obvious. For example, my manifest function of attending my church is to worship, receive the word, and help children, but my latent function may be to help those children learn to discern religious and personal views. Manifest functions are apparent, while the latent functions have a more sociological approach. A sociological approach in functionalism is the consideration of the relationship between the functions of smaller parts and the functions of the whole. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of something such as abuse. Critics claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of societys members. Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. Karl Marxs writings on class struggles sparked the conflict perspective. The conflict perspective presents society in a different light than do the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the less fortunate. American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist, the 1960s saw American sociologists gain interest in conflict theory. They also expanded Marxs idea that the key conflict in society was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists such as race, gender, religion, political views, and economic stance, etc. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective point out its negative view of society. The theory attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. The symbolic interactionist perspective, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionist perspective traces its origins to Max Webers assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, the American philosopher George H. Mead (1863-1931) introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Verbal conversations, in which spoken words serve as the predominant symbols, make this subjective interpretation very evident. The words have a certain meaning for the sender, and, during effective communication, they hopefully have the same meaning for the receiver. Words are not static things; they require intention and interpretation. Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. Written music serves as an example. The black dots and lines become more than just marks on the page; they refer to notes organized in such a way to make music. Symbolic interactionists give serious thought to how people act, and then seek to determine what meanings individuals assign to their own actions and symbols. Applying symbolic interactionist perspective to the American institution of marriage, symbols may include wedding bands, vows of life-long commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church ceremony, and flowers and music. American society attaches general meanings to these symbols, but individuals also maintain their own perceptions of what these and other symbols mean. For example, one of the spouses may see their circular wedding rings as symbolizing everlasting love, while the other may see them as a financial expense. Critics claim that the symbolic interactionist perspective neglects the macro level of social interpretation or the big picture. In other words, symbolic interactionists may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the trees or the size of the diamond in the wedding ring rather than the forest or the quality of the marriage. The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. All of these perspectives have valid points as well as constructive criticism that holds value. The one perspective that sticks out to me is the conflict perspective; to me this perspective is real. I think being able to identify the many things that are wrong with our society today, makes the blows less painful when something goes wrong. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. With this being said the conflict perspective can also be viewed in a positive light. Someone learning about this perspective their eyes could be opened up to many different issues that they might not necessarily experience.

Free College Admissions Essays: Computer Programming :: College Admissions Essays

Computer Programming Computer Programmer Matt Katz Writing for the Real World Pelkey November 30, 1999 Computer Systems Analyst I push the button, I hear a noise, and the screen comes alive. My computer loads up and starts to process. I see the start screen for Windows 95, and I type in my password. Even though this takes time, I know that I will be able to do whatever I want to do without any trouble, without any glitches, without any questions. My computer is now easier to use and more user friendly because computer systems analysts have worked out the problems that many computer systems still have. It appears to me that a career choice needs to contain a number of different features: One, Will this area of interest mentally stimulate me as well as challenge me; Two, Is there a way of making a living in these areas of interest; Three, Do I enjoy the different activities within this area of interest? From the first day that I started my first computer, I have grasped the concepts quickly and with ease, but the computer as well as I, will never stop growing. I have introduced myself to all topics of word processing to surfing the web. After reviewing a number of resources, I have noticed a relatively high demand for technologically integrated hardware and software positions available with companies that wish to compete with the demand for "networking". ("Computer Scientists" 95) This leads me to believe that future employment prospects will be high and of high quality pay within the next eight to ten years. The past, present, and future have and will see the computer. Since I have seen the computer, I have enjoyed the challenges and countless opportunities to gain in life from this machine. From school projects to games; from the Internet to programming languages; I have and always will feel like that little kid in the candy store. A Computer Systems Analyst decides how data are collected, prepared for computers, processed, stored, and made available for users. ("Computer Systems" COIN 1) The main achievement as a systems analyst is to improve the efficiency or create a whole new computer system that proves to be more efficient for a contracting company. When on an assignment, the analyst must meet a deadline. While striving for a deadline, he must create and comprehend many sources of information for the presentation. Free College Admissions Essays: Computer Programming :: College Admissions Essays Computer Programming Computer Programmer Matt Katz Writing for the Real World Pelkey November 30, 1999 Computer Systems Analyst I push the button, I hear a noise, and the screen comes alive. My computer loads up and starts to process. I see the start screen for Windows 95, and I type in my password. Even though this takes time, I know that I will be able to do whatever I want to do without any trouble, without any glitches, without any questions. My computer is now easier to use and more user friendly because computer systems analysts have worked out the problems that many computer systems still have. It appears to me that a career choice needs to contain a number of different features: One, Will this area of interest mentally stimulate me as well as challenge me; Two, Is there a way of making a living in these areas of interest; Three, Do I enjoy the different activities within this area of interest? From the first day that I started my first computer, I have grasped the concepts quickly and with ease, but the computer as well as I, will never stop growing. I have introduced myself to all topics of word processing to surfing the web. After reviewing a number of resources, I have noticed a relatively high demand for technologically integrated hardware and software positions available with companies that wish to compete with the demand for "networking". ("Computer Scientists" 95) This leads me to believe that future employment prospects will be high and of high quality pay within the next eight to ten years. The past, present, and future have and will see the computer. Since I have seen the computer, I have enjoyed the challenges and countless opportunities to gain in life from this machine. From school projects to games; from the Internet to programming languages; I have and always will feel like that little kid in the candy store. A Computer Systems Analyst decides how data are collected, prepared for computers, processed, stored, and made available for users. ("Computer Systems" COIN 1) The main achievement as a systems analyst is to improve the efficiency or create a whole new computer system that proves to be more efficient for a contracting company. When on an assignment, the analyst must meet a deadline. While striving for a deadline, he must create and comprehend many sources of information for the presentation.

Standard & Poor’s

The course is appropriate for business and Nan-business majors. The course objectives are: To provide a basic understanding of core management tasks such as planning, controlling, leading and organizing, and to develop a similar understanding of organizational behavior at the individual, group and organizational levels. To develop a working vocabulary regarding these subjects and to become familiar with theories and concepts regarding them. To understand the application of course concepts to real world management and organizational behavior problems. LEARNING TOMES: The learning outcomes Of this course are as follows:You'll understand management and organizational behavior terminology and of the foundational concepts of thereof. You'll learn to diagnose and solve management problems, including but not limited to change management, leadership, and motivation. You'll gain knowledge of ethical issues often associated with organizational situations. You'll gain knowledge of global & cult ural differences in management and organizational behavior processes. TEXT & REQUIRED MATERIALS: 1 . Required Textbook: Jones & George, Contemporary Management Be with â€Å"Connect† access, University of Illinois BADLAND Edition, McGraw Hill.ISBN 9781259167645. Available at local bookstores. 2. Required Access to McGraw-Hill â€Å"Connect† software. This is bundled with new textbooks but can be purchased separately (if you have other access to a textbook). The internet site gives you the opportunity to purchase it directly from McGraw-Hill (this was about $60 in 2014) the first time you click on a Connect assignment. Details will be announced in the first class and on the course Compass site. 3. Required clicker. Available at ITS and the LLC of I bookstore. Either the original clicker or the clicker 2 will work for this class.NOTE: CLICKER REGISTRATION IS REQUIRED by Feb. 4, 2015. In order to credit you with points for clicker participation, we have to know your click er's Register by clicking the appropriate icon on the main page of the course Compass site. You must register your clicker on our Compass site even if you also registered it elsewhere. 4. Required Harvard Business School Change Management Simulation. Purchasing and registration instructions will be posted on Compass in mid-semester. Cost -? approve. $12. 5. Lecture notes can be downloaded from Compass site.They will be available before lecture in mime for printing if you wish. COURSE SCHEDULE: The planned schedule will be posted on Compass. Changes may be made to reflect the needs of the class. Any changes will be announced in class and/or on the course web site (Compass). It is the students' responsibility to stay aware of any changes made. Key dates: Exam 1: Tees Feb. 17, in class Exam 2: Thru Mar 19, in class ; Exam 31 Tees May 5, in class LEARNING APPROACH & HOMEWORK For this BAD 31 0 class, the activities (other than exams) are organized by weeks.In a typical week we will cover two chapters in class, and students will omelet different types of (typically online) homework related to the chapters. This can be done before or shortly after class. Each week readings will be assigned from the text. Read each chapter and use the Learners exercises to learn the material well. Then, do the interactive exercises for the chapter to gain additional familiarity with the chapter concepts. Homework activities will typically be due at 9:30 AM on Tuesday of the week after we cover the material. There is an extended deadline for assignments in the first week.Assignment due dates are on the Compass web site. 2 GRADING Your final grade in this class will be determined by your performance on: Max. Points Grading Component 1 . Learners Activities 18 chapters @ 9 points each, 2 lowest chapters grades dropped.. 2. Interactive Activities 18 chapters @ -16 points each, 2 lowest chapters grades dropped 3. Change Management Simulation AAA. Exam 1 (50 questions, mostly m/c & t/f but some fill-in) b. Exam 2 C. Exam 3 (M) Total Extra Credit Opportunities A. Optional Research Participation, up to 8 more studies @ 10 points each B. Clickers, participation in up to 20 classes @ 2 points per class. % afoot 144 7% 256 13% 100 500 25% 00% 2000 80 Final grades will be assigned based on the following point scale. A 1940+ 1860-1939=A 1800-1859 -A. 1740-1799 B+ 1660-1739=8 1600-1659 c 1540-1599 = C+ 1460-1539 -c 1400-1459 = c- D 1340-1399= D+ 1260-1339 -D 1200-1259 = D 1200 = F Grades will be accessible by password on IL Compass g. There are two exceptions: Grades for extra credit research studies will be maintained on the SONS system and will only be transferred to Compass after the last of the three exams.Grades for the Connect activities (interactive activities and Learners) transfer to Compass graybeard about 1 week after you turn in the assignment. For your security, grades will not be provided by phone or email. Because of the size of the class, grade breakpoints are fixed to maintain equity. Students with extenuating circumstances which require them to receive a certain grade or maintain a particular GAP (e. G. , graduation, loss of a scholarship, University probation or suspension, loss of a job offer, revocation of student Visa, etc. ) need to realize that they are responsible for working hard to achieve the needed class grade.Please ask for help if you see that you are falling short of the grade that you expect or need. We want students to succeed but you must know that we cannot make exceptions for individual students. Grades can be changed only if we have made an input or calculation error. It is important that you check your class grades and immediately notify us of any discrepancies. 3 Grading Components Learners Learners homework assignments are part of Connect, McGraw Hill's online learning platform. Learners is basically an â€Å"intelligent electronic flash card system. The system asks multiple choice, fill-in, and other quick ques tions.The â€Å"intelligence† is that if there is a topic you have difficulty with, the system ends to increase the number of questions so as to help you bring your knowledge up to par. The pedagogical purpose of these exercises is primarily to review the chapter concepts from lecture and your reading. We recommend you do the Learners activities for the chapter before the interactive exercises, as familiarity with the concepts will speed your work. Learners is treated as â€Å"mastery' exercises. The more cards you do, the higher your score gets until it says you have completed the exercise, whereupon you get full credit.The exercises are set so that McGraw-Hill estimates the average student can gain full credit with 30 minutes of work (and call us biased, but we are confident every IS of I student is above the average student in McGraw Hill's book). But, you can work on the activities for as long as needed to achieve the score you want. It should be possible for all student s who are willing to spend the time, to achieve scores near 100% on these exercises. Additionally, we drop your lowest two chapters' scores at the end of the semester. Learners gives no credit for late submissions. To start working with Learners, check the Compass site.If you have trouble gaining access, please contact McGraw-Hill first (phone # and web address on Compass). If McGraw Hill is unable to resolve the issue your next step is to contact your teaching assistant. Please put the Mcgraw Hill service ticket # in the email in case we need to coordinate with them. The Learners exercises are normally due at 9:AMA on the Tuesday of the week after the chapter was covered. Due dates will appear on Compass, and the Connect web site has calendar and grade functionality that lets you track when assignments are due and how you have done on them.Con next† Interactive Activities â€Å"Connect† homework assignments comprise one to three modest interactive exercises for each of the 18 chapters in the text Some of these are â€Å"drag and drop† exercises which amount to a matching game where you connect a specific situation with a chapter concept. Others are video exercises in which you answer several multiple choice questions that emphasize chapter concepts as you view the video, and then answer some concept check questions at the end. The pedagogical purpose of these exercises is to help you become familiar with applying the chapter concepts from lecture and our reading.We recommend you do the Learners activities for the chapter before the interactive exercises, as familiarity with the concepts will speed your work. These exercises are treated as â€Å"mastery/' exercises. That is, they are set up so all students can master the material. This is done by allowing you three tries at each exercise and taking only the highest score. You are also allowed to reference the textbook and notes as you work through the exercises. Students who are willing to spend the time should achieve scores near 100% on these exercises.Additionally, we drop your sweets two chapters' scores at the end of the semester. Each day you are late in submitting results in a 20% penalty. 4 To start working with the interactive activities, check the Compass site for an introduction. Tutorials are available. If you have trouble gaining access or working with the interactive exercises, please contact McGraw-Hill first (link on Compass). If McGraw Hill is unable to resolve the issue your next step is to contact your teaching assistant. Please put the McGraw-Hill service ticket # in the email in case we need to coordinate with them.The interactive exercises re normally due at 9:30 AM on the Tuesday of the week after the chapter was covered. Due dates will appear on Compass, and the Connect web site has calendar and grade functionality that lets you track when assignments are due and how you have scored. IMPORTANT: In order to be as fair as possible to everyone in the class, deadlines for interactive activities and Learners have to be enforced. Please DO NOT wait until the last minute. If you wait until the deadline, issues such as illness or problems with the University server might make it impossible for you to complete the assignments.Change Management Simulation (SMS) Near the end of the semester, all students will participate in a simulation of an organizational change initiative published through Harvard Business School publishing. The simulation challenges you to acquire support among your company's management for an innovative idea. The simulation plays like a game, and students have found it very engaging. We hope that you find that simulation not only interesting, but a powerful learning experience where you see the results of effective and ineffective application of course concepts.IMPORTANT: You will need to register and purchase the change management simulation through the Harvard web site before we start the simulation. Instruc tions will be posted on Compass, probably in early to mid April. Announcements about this will be made in class. Exams There are three exams in the course. Each exam covers the material from one of the three parts of the course and consists of approximately 50 questions. Most are multiple choice and true/false questions, but some are short fill-in (e. G. , definitions, identification of concepts). Material on the exam is drawn room the textbook, class lecture and other assigned materials.The exams are closed-book and are given in class at the regularly scheduled class time. Specific Exam Policies: ; Indicate your exam answers on both your exam copy and on your answer (bubble) sheet. Both are collected when you leave. Your bubble sheet answers are what we must use, but if for some reason it is lost or illegible we may refer to the exam copy. If you do not turn in an answer sheet or a marked exam copy, you normally cannot receive any credit for the exam. Plan on remaining in the class room for at least minutes during exam days.Bring a #2 pencil to class and use it to fill out the exam. Bring a photo ID to all exams as the size of the class requires that we check IDs. 5 Dictionaries and electronic devices (calculators, dictionaries and translators) are not permitted during exams, on the recommendation of the college deans. We will answer questions about word meanings that are not related to class concepts. Additional exam policies and procedures may be discussed in class. Conflict Exams ; Exams are taken only at the regularly scheduled time except when events beyond your control prevent you from doing so.The most common exceptions are for excused absences (e. G. , illness or injury, family emergency, university sanctioned events) and out of-town job interviews. Please ask if you have an unusual situation. With approved exceptions you are able to take the conflict exam which has the same format as the regular exam. You MUST notify us IN ADVANCE if you need to take the makeup/ conflict exam. Email to the course email (see Compass). Failure to do so (unless you are physically unable to email) will result in an automatic zero for the exam. Documentation is required to take the makeup/conflict exam.For illness, injury, or family emergency, please obtain an official excused absence letter from the Dean of Students Office. The Dean of Students office is at 300 Student Services Building, 61 0 East John, 333-0050. For other situations check with the professor regarding required documentation. Extra Credit There are two primary sources of extra credit: Participation points through using the clickers and participation in research studies that brings exposure to the research process. â€Å"Clicker† Participation Points We use â€Å"clickers† to make lectures more participative and engaging.